With the increasing number of human disasters in recent years, disaster service workers are faced with an ever-growing challenge of criticism concerning their professional competence. The workers also realize the limitation inherent in their practice, as well as bioethics problems regarding autonomy and heteronomy. Therefore, professionals and researchers of human service devote to the issue of post-disaster rehabilitation of the people so as to identify an effective way and practice to aid the post-disaster individual, family and community. This study explores (...) the effectiveness of rehabilitative function of disaster service workers through the action research of Typhoon Morakot and the 2014 Gas Explosion in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. The case studies serves as a platform for thediscussion of principles of bioethics and the analysis of the process of self-discipline of the workers of human services in hope of ultimately establishing bioethical principles for heteronomy during disasters and work indicators for post-disaster community restoration. Discuss Issues are 1. How can self-discipline in bioethics be achieved for the human service workers during times of disaster? 2. In post-disaster reconstruction, how does the human service worker take into? account bioethical principles to serve and partake in the restoration of the postdisaster life of community residents? 3. During the process of a disaster research, what are the bioethical considerations to be taken into for the test subjects? Conclusion and suggestions: To formulate indicators for a post-disaster “community of health and wellness;” to establish bioethical principles of heteronomy for disaster service workers. (shrink)

This research aims to examine access to medical treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic for people living with disabilities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the practical and ethical problems of allocating limited medical resources such as intensive care unit beds and ventilators became critical. Although different countries have proposed different guidelines to manage this emergency, these proposed criteria do not sufficiently consider people living with disabilities. People living with disabilities are therefore at a higher risk of exclusion from medical treatments as physicians (...) tend to assume they have poor quality of life, whereas access to medical treatment should be based on several parameters, including clinical data and prognosis. However, the COVID-19 pandemic shifts the medical paradigm from person-centred medicine to community-centred medicine, challenging the main ethical theories. We reviewed the main guidelines and recommendations for resources allocation and examined their position toward persons with disabilities. Based on our findings, we propose criteria for not discriminating against people with disabilities in allocating resources. The shift from person-centred to community-centred medicine offers opportunities but also risks sacrificing the most vulnerable people. The principle of reasonable accommodation must always be considered to guarantee the rights of persons with disabilities. (shrink)

Although informed consent is important in clinical research, questions persist regarding when it is necessary, what it requires, and how it should be obtained. The standard view in research ethics is that the function of informed consent is to respect individual autonomy. However, consent processes are multidimensional and serve other ethical functions as well. These functions deserve particular attention when barriers to consent exist. We argue that consent serves seven ethically important and conceptually distinct functions. The first four functions pertain (...) principally to individual participants: (1) providing transparency; (2) allowing control and authorization; (3) promoting concordance with participants' values; and (4) protecting and promoting welfare interests. Three other functions are systemic or policy focused: (5) promoting trust; (6) satisfying regulatory requirements; and (7) promoting integrity in research. Reframing consent around these functions can guide approaches to consent that are context sensitive and that maximize achievable goals. (shrink)

Background Our objective was to evaluate whether the description of a machine learning (ML) app or brain imaging technology to predict the onset of schizophrenia or alcohol use disorder (AUD) influences healthcare professionals’ judgments of stigma, empathy, and compassion. Methods We randomized healthcare professionals (N = 310) to one vignette about a person whose clinician seeks to predict schizophrenia or an AUD, using a ML app, brain imaging, or a psychosocial assessment. Participants used scales to measure their judgments of stigma, (...) empathy, and compassion. Results Participants randomized to the ML vignette endorsed less anger and more fear relative to the psychosocial vignette, and the brain imaging vignette elicited higher pity ratings. The brain imaging and ML vignettes evoked lower personal responsibility judgments compared to the psychosocial vignette. Physicians and nurses reported less empathy than clinical psychologists. Conclusions The use of predictive technologies may reinforce essentialist views about mental health and substance use that may increase specific aspects of stigma and reduce others. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:ARE THERE ECONOMIC RIGHTS? I 1]HE ISSUE OF whether there are any so-called " soia ~-~cono~ic r~~~ts," in addition to the so-called " civilpohtical nghts, · is not a new one. In 1948 the General Assembly of the United Nations app11oved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which affirms that both those two types of claims are human rights. Since then some philosophers have been debating the issue of (...) whether claims to basic social-economic goods are rights at all. American Christians and theologians in general have not paid much attention to this until only recently, when the U.S. National Conference of Catholic Bishops issued,a pastoral letter on Catholic social teaching and the U.S. economy (entitled Economic Justice for All), which gained much attention from the media. In this pastoral letter the U.S. Catholic bishops also affirm that every human being in every society has economic rights against all members of society, all private-sector institutions and government.1 As a Christian philosopher, in this paper I want to probe into the issues of whether there are economic rights from a Christian and philosophical perspective. This paper is intended to he both critical and constructive-on the one hand I shall criticize some positions which I find unconvincing, and on the other I shall attempt to articulate my own thought on this issue. Some clarification of terminology is necessary before I embark on my project. Ever since Wesley Hohfeld's monumental 1 National Conference of Catholic Bishops, Economic Justice for AU: Pastoral Letter on Catholic Social Teaching and the U.S. Economy (Washington, D.C.: United States Catholic Conference, 1986), see sections 79-84. 703 704 PING-CHEUNG LO work in 1919 (Fundamental Legal Conceptions) it is a general practice among philosophers to distinguish claim-rights from liberty-rights. Throughout this paper, unless otherwise specified, the word "right" is used to designate claim-rights. Moreover, I am concerned only with moral rights rather than with legal rights, and largely with in rem rights (i.e., rights against individuals in,society or the world at large) rather than with in personam rights (i.e., rights against determinate individuals ). Therefore by "a right to x" I mean a morally valid or justified claim to x against individuals in society or the world at large as my entitlement or my due. Furthermore, the term " human right " is used to denote those moral rights that a person, simply as a human being, can have. They are usually supposed to include both civil-political rights (e.g., right to life, liberty, security) ·and social-economic rights (e.g., the right to food, clothing, shelter, health care, education, work, social security). As far as I know, there have been two major philosophical moves in criticizing the ideas of social-economic rights. The first one is set forth by Maurice Cmnston in the sixties.2 Besides giving a "political objection," he raises a three-fold "philosophical objection": social-economic rights do not possess the characteristics of (i) practicability, (ii) universality, and (iii) paramount importance, which he deems are the si,ne qua non of human rights. Though his criticisms are rather crude, most recent advocates of social-economic rights take them seriously and attempt to rebut his views.3 I do not have 2 Maurice Cranston, "Pope John XXIII on Peace and the Rights of Man," Political Quarterly 34 (Oct.-Dec. 1963), 380-90; "Human Rights, Real and Supposed," in Politioal Theory and the Rights of Man, ed. D. D. Raphael (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1967), pp. 43-53; "Human Rights: A Reply to Professor Raphael," in ibid., pp. 95-100. s D. D. Raphael, "Human Rights, Old and New," in ibid., pp. 54-67; David Hollenbach, Olaims in Oonftict: Retrieving and Renewing the Oatholic Human Rights Tradition (New York: Paulist Press, 1979), pp. 31-33; John Langan, "Defining Human Rights: A Revision of the Liberal Tradition," in Human Rights in the Americas: The Struggle for Consensus, ed., Alfred Hennelly and John Langan (Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press, 1982), ARE THERE ECONOMIC RIGHTS? 705 the time to go into these arguments here. I just want to,say that I find... (shrink)

This paper discusses some problems related to the practical experience of social research in university institutions. It describes the process of access to field work and the relationship with university managers as key informants during a qualitative research about the present politics of economic..

Este artículo analiza el contexto en el que surge la Universidad en el occidente latino medieval y en ese marco la teorización y profesionalización de la filosofía. Por otra parte, expone de qué manera esta profesionalización impone su propia negación como la filosofía en lengua vulgar y los saberes no universitarios. Finalmente, reflexiona sobre la Universidad hoy.

Adequate treatment of pain is essential to alleviate suffering, yet studies show that patients with terminal or serious illness receive inadequate pain relief. In the case of terminally ill patients, adequate palliation of pain may be likely to reduce requests for physician-assisted suicide. This issue of the journal addresses barriers to effective pain relief and suggests how treatment of pain can be improved. The symposium features the Pain Relief Act, which is designed to provide practitioners who prescribe controlled substances for (...) pain with protection from inappropriate legal sanctions. The Act is the product of the Project on Legal Constraints on Access to Effective Pain Relief, whose principal investigators were Nancy Neveloff Dubler, LL.B., Sandra H. Johnson, J.D., LL.M., Robert J. Levine, M.D., and Benjamin W. Moulton, J.D., M.P.H.The Project was supported by the Mayday Fund and the Emily Davie and Joseph S. Kornfeld Foundation. (shrink)

En este ensayo se argumenta que la tesis estoica de la igualdad natural entre los seres humanos presupone una reconsideración radical de la noción de naturaleza, probablemente inspirada en el sofista Antifonte. Aunque los estoicos parecen considerar el naturalismo antifonteo, centrado en las facultades corpóreas, y reconocen la distinción clásica ‘convencional-natural’ aplicada a la diferencia entre griegos y bárbaros, desarrollan la tesis de la igualdad de naturaleza en dirección de una teoría de la justicia y la ley natural que supera (...) la identidad de naturaleza entendida como necesidad corpórea. El autor sostiene que ese desarrollo se funda en la tesis estoica de la familiaridad. This essay argues that the Stoic thesis of natural equality among human beings presupposes a radical reconsideration of the notion of nature, probably inspired on Antiphon the sophist. Even though the Stoics seem to consider the Antiphontean naturalism, focused on bodily faculties, and recognize the “conventionalnatural” classical distinction applied to the difference between Greeks and barbarians, they develop the theory of natural equality toward a theory of justice and natural law that exceeds the identity of nature understood as bodily necessity. The author also maintains that this development is based on the Stoic thesis of familiarization. (shrink)

" Waldie speculates on the meanings and implications of the snapshots in this book and of snapshots generally, which he sees as expressions of "the hunger of memory.".

La science du bien et du mal n'a jamais existé, et si Platon s'en désolait, nous avons cessé, nous, les Modernes, de nous en offusquer. Et pourtant, des questions d'ordre éthique nous sont incessamment posées aujourd'hui, ni plus ni moins que par le passé: quelles valeurs morales devons-nous promouvoir à l'école? Est-il acceptable d'abandonner à leur sort les familles de migrants fuyant la guerre? Notre pays, la France, doit-il intervenir militairement contre tel ou tel État dit "terroriste"?, etc. Face à (...) de telles interrogations, nous ne pouvons nous contenter de suspendre notre jugement sous couvert de relativisme ("À chacun sa conception du bien et du mal"). Prenant appui sur les réflexions de grands philosophes et théologiens face au défi du mal, tout en interrogeant la montée de nouvelles formes de violences au XXIe siècle, Laurence Hansen-Love pose la question: le bien et le mal sont-ils vraiment des notions obsolètes? Une fois récusée la fausse évidence d'une symétrie entre le bien et le mal, il est possible de prendre acte de la préséance du mal sur le bien. Dès lors, la certitude du mal, posée comme un fait, cesse de contredire l'incertitude du bien, à laquelle il apparaît sage de se résoudre."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Cuando G. K. Chesterton en su corto ensayo Aproximación al tomismo quiere resumir los descarríos o los logros de los sabios sobre la realidad, muestra las tres controversias generales del pensamiento: (1) la disolución de las cosas en las soluciones químicas del escepticismo, que es la controversia entre el flujo o la transición informe; (2) la difícil clasificación de las unidades ideales, que es la controversia entre realismo y nominalismo; y (3) el reconocimiento, también arduo, de la variedad cuando a (...) la vez se admite la unidad, que es el viejo acertijo metafísico de la unidad y lo múltiple. Este libro se concentra en la segunda controversia, sin el olvido de los otros dos problemas, en la persona de Guillermo de Ockham, el lógico sagaz que vivió entre los siglos XIII y XIV d.C. Las relaciones de la Literatura con la Filosofía o con la ciencia no se acaban en la especulación poética o estética de motivos filosóficos, mucho más que esto, se extienden a la práctica o ejercicio de los conceptos filosóficos. Erguido en este principio, he rescatado a la figura de Guillermo de Ockham, así como al debate por la realidad o no de las Ideas, en composiciones literarias de Carlos Fuentes, Jorge Luis Borges, Umberto Eco, el ya mencionado G. K. Chesterton, y más. (shrink)

The Rector of the University of Buenos Aires here briefly outlines and criticizes some of the present-day subjectivist and objectivist positions, and suggests a means of reconciling the two. --R. D. G.

Hay un proverbio que circula en algunos países europeos que dice: “el futuro es un mal recuerdo del presente”. Esta expresión, algo paradójica, cobra un sentido claro a la luz de la lectura del último trabajo de Patxi Lanceros, profesor de filosofía política y teoría de la cultura en la Universidad de Deusto. En El robo del futuro, el autor trata de reflexionar, lucida y sosegadamente, acerca de alguno de los fenómenos políticos más acuciantes de nuestros tiempos; de la emergencia (...) migratoria al retorno de viejas formas de intolerancia, de la guerra global permanente a los nuevos miedos colectivos. A lo largo de los tres capítulos que componen en libro, Lanceros procura contestar la pregunta, tremendamente actual: ¿hacia dónde vamos si ya no hay ningún lugar adonde ir? El autor analiza pues un presente “huérfano de pasado e incapaz de futuro”, y lo hace sin nostalgia por un futuro que, según el conocido chiste, ya “no es lo que solía ser”. Es este presente, que procede al paso de una globalización ingobernable, que está al centro del análisis crítico de Lanceros. (shrink)

Ésta es la respuesta a la crítica hecha por Ricardo Salles a mi interpretación del compatibilismo estoico. Aunque en parte admito sus objeciones, intento mostrar que algunos textos nos permiten pensar que, aunque lo que depende de nosotros no implique necesariamente acciones alternativas, eso no significa que no pueda implicarlas. También trato de mostrar que un reexamen de la noción crisipea de posibilidad que tenga en cuenta el deseo y la creencia permite explicar por qué no es posible llevar a (...) cabo las acciones X e Y en un tiempo dado, lo cual indicaría que la posibilidad específica también excluye acciones alternativas. /// This is the reply to Ricardo Salles' criticism of my interpretation of the Stoic compatibilism. Although I partially admit his objections, I intend to show that some texts allow us to think that, even though what depends on us does not necessarily imply alternative actions, this does not mean that it can not imply them. I also endeavour to show that a re-examination of the Chrysippean notion of possibility taking into account desire and belief permits to explain why it is not possible to perform the actions X and Y in a given time, which would indicate that the specific possibility rules out alternative actions as well. (shrink)

El ensayo argumenta la tesis según la cual en Vico el principio epistemológico del verum-factum nacería en el terreno de la reflexión sobre la lengua en su uso socialmente comunicativo y semánticamente innovativo. Una reflexión, ésta de Vico, que tiene en el Ars poetica de Horacio su punto paradigmático de referencia.Palabras clave: Vico, uso de la lengua, verum-factum, tópica, Platón, Cesarotti, Manzoni.This essay argument the thesis that, up to Vico’s philosophy, the epistemological principle of the verum/ factum would develop itself (...) on the reflexion’s basis on the language, direct through an use that, thanks to these parameters, can be highlighted as semantically innovative and communicative for our society. That reflection has in the Oratio’s Ars Poetica its paradigmatic reference point.Keywords: Vico, language use, verum-factum, topical, Plato, Cesarotti, Manzoni. (shrink)

La découverte de l'oeuvre de Benjamin fut, pour Michael Löwy, une émotion qui a ébranlé bien des convictions et dont l'onde de choc s'est ressentie pendant plus de quarante années dans toute sa recherche sur les formes hétérodoxes du marxisme en Europe ou en Amérique latine. A la vision d'une révolution comme "locomotive de l'histoire" roulant inexorablement dans le sens du progrès, décrite par Marx dans La lutte des classes en France, Benjamin propose une version de la révolution comme "frein (...) d'urgence", annonçant très tôt une critique du progrès et de la croissance, qui se développera plus tard dans la pensée critique et l'écologie radicale. Les essais rassemblés ici se concentrent sur la dimension révolutionnaire de l'oeuvre de Benjamin, où s'imbriquent et se confondent une approche inspirée d'un matérialisme historique, évidemment non orthodoxe, et des conceptions issues du messianisme juif, repensé à l'aune de son "amitié stellaire" avec son complice Gershom Scholem. (shrink)

A partir algunas aseveraciones que se encuentran en Los Ensayos y en el Segundo Tratado sobre el Gobierno Civil se puede pensar que para Locke cuestiones básicas sobre la Ley Natural tienen su fundamento en principios teológicos, no obstante, en este escrito se tiene por objetivo mostrar que, aunque el origen de la Ley Natural sea divino, difiere de la forma como se adquieren los contenidos de la mencionada ley y del principio o motor por el cual la voluntad se (...) adhiere a esos contenidos en virtud de lo cual un ateo pueda conocer y estar sujeto a la Ley Natural. (shrink)

La locura en Los siete locos es resultado de un intento de integración a la realidad sufrido por los personajes revolucionarios, a quienes se les adosa ese otro bloque de sentido, aquel en abierta polémica con el logos imperial que expele a los individuos que no se dejan disciplinar. Con esto, entonces, se intensifica en ellos la insurrección y la diferencia con los disciplinados y posibilita la exploración de otros lugares/no-lugares, además de cartografiar “futuros parajes”, propicios para la asunción de (...) la nueva sociedad. Los locos de Arlt no son producto de una desadaptación social, sino de una adaptación a las condiciones alienadas de la sociedad bonaerense por la que circulan. Madness in Los siete locos is the result of an attempt of integration into reality that is experienced by revolutionary characters, to whom that other type of sense is added; one which is openly opposed to the imperial logo that expels individuals who do not let themselves to be disciplined. Thus, in these characters there is an intensification of the insurrection and distinction from those who are disciplined. This allows the exploration of other places/non-places and also helps to map “future settings” appropriate for the emergence of the new society. Arlt’s madmen are not the result of a social mismatch but of an adaptation to the alienated conditions of the Buenos Aires society that they are part of. (shrink)

Los ultimos tiempos se caracterizan, sobre todo, por una mayor conciencia y un mayor interes acerca de los derechos humanos. Sin duda alguna es consecuencia de lo que experimento la humanidad en nuestro siglo. Las dos guerras mundiales, los campos de concentracion y de trabajo, los deportaciones masivas y ejecuciones, los crimenes de guerra y el exterminio de naciones enteras, muestran la violacion mas cruel de la dignidad de la persona humana y de sus derechos fundamentales. Hey dla, los Ilamados (...) derechos humanos, derechos de la persona o derechos naturales gozan de un gran reconocimiento. Sin embargo, 50 anos despues de proclamar la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas la Declaracion Universal de Derechos Humanos, el problema mas importante en la doctrina de los derechos humanos lo constituye todavia la busqueda del fundamento de los mismos. La abundante discusion que rodea esta cuestiön muestra diferentes posturas, a voces opuestas. Esta „gran dispersion de enfoques" -como dice Massini- lleva consigo consecuencias necesariamente negativas, porque „no puede sino conducir a su debilitamiento y, en definitiva, a su difuminacion. En ultima instancia, unos derechos quo se intentan justificar de modo tan desemejante y hasta contradictorio, tienden a aparecer como postulados gratuitos, como afirmaciones meramente dogmaticas". A pesar de esta dispersion, los enfoques para justificar los derechos humanos se pueden sintetizar en tres. (shrink)